日本語
Foundational Materials for Annotating Japanese Native Readings (Wakun)

Foundational Materials for Annotating Japanese Native Readings (wakun) #

This section first lists the reference works cited by abbreviation, along with other reference works. It then provides several concrete examples illustrating the identification of Japanese Native Readings (wakun).

References #

References Cited by Abbreviation #

For determining the word forms of wakun, the following indexes must always be consulted. As they are used frequently, they are indicated here by abbreviation.

  • Masamune’s Index (正宗索引, Masamune Sakuin): Masamune Atsuo, ed. Ruiju Myōgishō, Dainikan: Kanji Sakuin, Kana Sakuin (類聚名義抄 第二巻 漢字索引仮名索引, Ruiju Myōgishō, Vol. 2: Kanji Index, Kana Index). Tokyo: Kazama Shobō, 1955.
  • Mochizuki’s Wakun Collection (望月和訓集成, Mochizuki Wakun Shūsei): Mochizuki Ikuko, ed. Ruiju Myōgishō: Yonshu Shōten-tsuki Wakun Shūsei (類聚名義抄：四種声点付和訓集成, Ruiju Myōgishō: A Collection of Wakun with Four Types of Tone Marks; Kasama Sakuin Sōkan 44). Tokyo: Kasama Shoin, 1974.
  • Kusakawa’s Wakun Collection (草川和訓集成, Kusakawa Wakun Shūsei): Kusakawa Noboru, ed. Gohon Taishō Ruiju Myōgishō Wakun Shūsei (五本対照類聚名義抄和訓集成, A Collection of Wakun from Five Collated Manuscripts of the Ruiju Myōgishō). Tokyo: Kyūko Shoin, 2000.
  • Nakamura’s Monzen (中村文選, Nakamura Monzen): Nakamura Munehiko. Kujōbon Monzen Kokunshū (九条本文選古訓集, Old Kokun Readings of the Monzen, Kujō Manuscript). Tokyo: Kazama Shobō, 1983.
  • Kunten Goi Shūsei (訓点語彙集成, Kunten Goi Shūsei): Tsukishima Hiroshi, ed. Kunten Goi Shūsei (訓点語彙集成, A Comprehensive Collection of Kunten Vocabulary). 8 vols. and 1 supplementary vol. Tokyo: Kyūko Shoin, 2007–2009.

The following are consulted as Japanese-language dictionaries, Kanji-Japanese dictionaries, and reference tools for literary Chinese.

  • Nikkoku (日国, Nikkoku): Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Dainihan Henshū Iinkai and Shōgakukan Kokugo Jiten Henshūbu, eds. Nihon Kokugo Daijiten (日本国語大辞典, Comprehensive Japanese Dictionary). 2nd ed. Tokyo: Shōgakukan, 2000–2002. Content made available via JapanKnowledge starting November 2006.
  • Daikanwa (大漢和, Daikanwa): Morohashi Tetsuji. Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, Shūtei Daini-han (大漢和辞典 修訂第二版, The Great Chinese-Japanese Dictionary, Revised 2nd Edition). Edited by Kamata Tadashi and Yoneyama Toratarō. 12 vols., plus Vocabulary Index and Supplement. Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, 1990–2000. Included as additional content in JapanKnowledge starting April 2021.
  • Kokun Isan (故訓匯纂, Kokun Isan): Zong Fukang (宗福邦), Chen Shiyao (陳世鐃), and Xiao Haibo (蕭海波), chief eds. Guxun Huizuan (故訓匯纂, Compilation of Ancient Glosses). Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan (商務印書館), 2003. A compilation of glosses found in 250 texts, from the pre-Qin period to the late Qing dynasty.

The following works also contain much material useful for deciphering the main text. As these too are used frequently, they are likewise indicated by abbreviation.

  • Okada’s Study (岡田研究, Okada Kenkyū): Okada Mareo. Ruiju Myōgishō no Kenkyū (類聚名義抄の研究, Research on the Ruiju Myōgishō). Kyoto: Ichijō Shobō, 1944.
  • Komatsu’s Study (小松論考, Komatsu Ronkō): Komatsu Hideo. Nihon Seichōshi Ronkō (日本声調史論考, Studies in the History of Japanese Accent). Tokyo: Kazama Shobō, 1971.
  • Mochizuki’s Study (望月研究, Mochizuki Kenkyū): Mochizuki Ikuko. Ruiju Myōgishō no Bunkengakuteki Kenkyū (類聚名義抄の文献学的研究, A Philological Study of the Ruiju Myōgishō). Tokyo: Kasama Shoin, 1992.
  • Tsukishima’s Collected Works, Vol. 3 (築島著作集三, Tsukishima Chosakushū San): Tsukishima Hiroshi. Tsukishima Hiroshi Chosakushū, Dai San-kan: Kojisho to Ongi (築島裕著作集 第三巻 古辞書と音義, Collected Works of Tsukishima Hiroshi, Vol. 3: Old Dictionaries and Phonetic/Semantic Glosses). Tokyo: Kyūko Shoin, 2016.
  • Yoshida’s Kokugo (吉田国語, Yoshida Kokugo): Yoshida Kanehiko. Kojisho to Kokugo (古辞書と国語, Old Dictionaries and the Japanese Language). Kyoto: Rinsen Shoten, 2013.

Likewise, the following papers are cited by abbreviation.

  • Nishihata’s Study of Scribal Errors (西端誤写考察, Nishihata Gosha Kōsatsu): Nishihata Yukio. “Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Gosha no Kōsatsu” (A Study of Scribal Errors in the Ruiju Myōgishō). Kuntengo to Kunten Shiryō 45 (1971): 37–54.
  • Nishihata’s Examples of Scribal Errors (西端誤写諸例, Nishihata Gosha Shorei): Nishihata Yukio. “Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Gosha no Shorei” (Various Examples of Scribal Errors in the Ruiju Myōgishō). Kuntengo to Kunten Shiryō 52 (1973): 31–71.

Kobayashi Kyōji has published numerous articles concerning the Sainenji manuscript; these are therefore cited in abbreviated form, giving the author’s name and a short title, as in “Kobayashi Kyōji, ‘Kanchi-in-bon kara Mita Kōmoku no Umu.’”

  • Kanchi-in-bon kara Mita Kōmoku no Umu (観智院本から見た項目の有無): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Kanchi-in-bon kara Mita Kōmoku no Umu ni Tsuite” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On the Presence or Absence of Entries as Seen from the Kanchi-in Manuscript). Tsurumi Daigaku Bukkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo Kiyō 5 (2000): 47–66.
  • Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Kōmoku (観智院本にない項目): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Kōmoku ni Tsuite” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On Entries Absent from the Kanchi-in Manuscript). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 1-bu, Kokugo Kokubungaku-hen 38 (2001): 197–217.
  • Hyōshutsu Kanji no Umu (標出漢字の有無): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō no Zōho to Datsuro: Kanchi-in-bon to no Hikaku ni yoru Hyōshutsu Kanji no Umu ni Tsuite” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On the Presence or Absence of Head Characters through Comparison with the Kanchi-in Manuscript). Tsurumi Daigaku Bukkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo Kiyō 6 (2001): 39–66.
  • Sainenji-bon ni Nai Kanji Chūki (西念寺本にない漢字注記): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Sainenji-bon ni Nai Kanji Chūki ni Tsuite” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On Character-Form Annotations Absent from the Sainenji Manuscript). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 1-bu, Kokugo Kokubungaku-hen 39 (2002): 61–90.
  • Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Kanji Chūki (1) (観智院本にない漢字注記(1)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Kanji Chūki ni Tsuite (1)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On Character-Form Annotations Absent from the Kanchi-in Manuscript (1)). Tsurumi Daigaku Bukkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo Kiyō 7 (2002): 17–34.
  • Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Kanji Chūki (2) (観智院本にない漢字注記(2)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Kanji Chūki ni Tsuite (2)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On Character-Form Annotations Absent from the Kanchi-in Manuscript (2)). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 1-bu, Kokugo Kokubungaku-hen 40 (2003): 91–110.
  • Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Kanji Chūki (3) (観智院本にない漢字注記(3)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Kanji Chūki ni Tsuite (3)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On Character-Form Annotations Absent from the Kanchi-in Manuscript (3)). Tsurumi Daigaku Bukkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo Kiyō 8 (2003): 27–55.
  • Sainenji-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki (1) (西念寺本にないカタカナ注記(1)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Sainenji-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki ni Tsuite (1)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On Katakana Annotations Absent from the Sainenji Manuscript (1)). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 1-bu, Nihongo/Nihon Bungaku-hen 41 (2004): 1–25.
  • Sainenji-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki (2) (西念寺本にないカタカナ注記(2)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Sainenji-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki ni Tsuite (2)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On Katakana Annotations Absent from the Sainenji Manuscript (2)). Tsurumi Daigaku Bukkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo Kiyō 9 (2004): 69–97.
  • Sainenji-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki (3) (西念寺本にないカタカナ注記(3)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Sainenji-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki ni Tsuite (3)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On Katakana Annotations Absent from the Sainenji Manuscript (3)). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 1-bu, Nihongo/Nihon Bungaku-hen 42 (2005): 1–23.
  • Sainenji-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki (4) (西念寺本にないカタカナ注記(4)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Sainenji-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki ni Tsuite (4)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On Katakana Annotations Absent from the Sainenji Manuscript (4)). Tsurumi Daigaku Bukkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo Kiyō 10 (2005): 147–164.
  • Sainenji-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki (5) (西念寺本にないカタカナ注記(5)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Sainenji-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki ni Tsuite (5)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On Katakana Annotations Absent from the Sainenji Manuscript (5)). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 1-bu, Kokugo Kokubungaku-hen 43 (2006): 1–22.
  • Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki (1) (観智院本にないカタカナ注記(1)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki ni Tsuite (1)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On Katakana Annotations Absent from the Kanchi-in Manuscript (1)). Tsurumi Daigaku Bukkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo Kiyō 11 (2006): 141–158.
  • Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki (2) (観智院本にないカタカナ注記(2)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki ni Tsuite (2)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On Katakana Annotations Absent from the Kanchi-in Manuscript (2)). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 1-bu, Nihongo/Nihon Bungaku-hen 44 (2007): 325–351.
  • Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki (3) (観智院本にないカタカナ注記(3)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki ni Tsuite (3)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On Katakana Annotations Absent from the Kanchi-in Manuscript (3)). Tsurumi Daigaku Bukkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo Kiyō 12 (2007): 43–65.
  • Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki (4) (観智院本にないカタカナ注記(4)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki ni Tsuite (4)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On Katakana Annotations Absent from the Kanchi-in Manuscript (4)). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 1-bu, Nihongo/Nihon Bungaku-hen 45 (2008): 19–35.
  • Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki (5) (観智院本にないカタカナ注記(5)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki ni Tsuite (5)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On Katakana Annotations Absent from the Kanchi-in Manuscript (5)). Tsurumi Daigaku Bukkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo Kiyō 13 (2008): 43–61.
  • Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki (6) (観智院本にないカタカナ注記(6)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki ni Tsuite (6)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On Katakana Annotations Absent from the Kanchi-in Manuscript (6)). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 1-bu, Nihongo/Nihon Bungaku-hen 46 (2009): 1–28.
  • Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki (7) (観智院本にないカタカナ注記(7)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Kanchi-in-bon ni Nai Katakana Chūki ni Tsuite (7)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On Katakana Annotations Absent from the Kanchi-in Manuscript (7)). Tsurumi Daigaku Bukkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo Kiyō 14 (2009): 39–73.
  • Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (1) (異本注記の有無について(1)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (1)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On the Presence or Absence of Variant-Manuscript Annotations (1)). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 1-bu, Nihongo/Nihon Bungaku-hen 47 (2010): 31–52.
  • Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (2) (異本注記の有無について(2)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (2)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On the Presence or Absence of Variant-Manuscript Annotations (2)). Tsurumi Daigaku Bukkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo Kiyō 15 (2010): 37–60.
  • Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (3) (異本注記の有無について(3)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (3)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On the Presence or Absence of Variant-Manuscript Annotations (3)). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 1-bu, Nihongo/Nihon Bungaku-hen 48 (2011): 1–27.
  • Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (4) (異本注記の有無について(4)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (4)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On the Presence or Absence of Variant-Manuscript Annotations (4)). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 4-bu, Jinbun/Shakai/Shizen Kagaku-hen 48 (2011): 127–136.
  • Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (5) (異本注記の有無について(5)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (5)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On the Presence or Absence of Variant-Manuscript Annotations (5)). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 1-bu, Nihongo/Nihon Bungaku-hen 49 (2012): 1–20.
  • Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (6) (異本注記の有無について(6)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (6)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On the Presence or Absence of Variant-Manuscript Annotations (6)). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 4-bu, Jinbun/Shakai/Shizen Kagaku-hen 49 (2012): 159–166.
  • Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (7) (異本注記の有無について(7)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (7)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On the Presence or Absence of Variant-Manuscript Annotations (7)). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 1-bu, Nihongo/Nihon Bungaku-hen 50 (2013): 1–23.
  • Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (8) (異本注記の有無について(8)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (8)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On the Presence or Absence of Variant-Manuscript Annotations (8)). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 4-bu, Jinbun/Shakai/Shizen Kagaku-hen 50 (2013): 126–138.
  • Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (9) (異本注記の有無について(9)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (9)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On the Presence or Absence of Variant-Manuscript Annotations (9)). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 4-bu, Jinbun/Shakai/Shizen Kagaku-hen 51 (2014): 87–98.
  • Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (10) (異本注記の有無について(10)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (10)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On the Presence or Absence of Variant-Manuscript Annotations (10)). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 4-bu, Jinbun/Shakai/Shizen Kagaku-hen 52 (2015): 123–134.
  • Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (11) (異本注記の有無について(11)): Kobayashi Kyōji. “Sainenji-bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsuro: Ihon Chūki no Umu ni Tsuite (11)” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: On the Presence or Absence of Variant-Manuscript Annotations (11)). Tsurumi Daigaku Kiyō, Dai 4-bu, Jinbun/Shakai/Shizen Kagaku-hen 53 (2016): 110–120.

References Cited Without Abbreviation #

The following list gives, without abbreviation, the author’s name, title, journal name, volume/issue number, and year of publication. When cited in annotations, subtitles are sometimes omitted. Studies concerning the wakun of the Zushoryō manuscript are also useful for interpreting the Kanchi-in manuscript, and so are included here.

  • Tsukishima, Hiroshi. “Ruiju Myōgishō no Wakun no Genryū ni Tsuite” (On the Origins of the Wakun in the Ruiju Myōgishō). Kokugo to Kokubungaku 27, no. 7 (1950).
  • Nakada, Norio. “Ruiju Myōgishō Shiyōsha no Tame ni” (For Users of the Ruiju Myōgishō). In Ruiju Myōgishō. Tokyo: Kazama Shobō, 1955.
  • Kadosaki, Masahiko. “Kanbun Kundokushi-jō no Ichi Mondai (Yon): ‘Hei’ no Kun ni Tsuite” (A Problem in the History of Kanbun-Kundoku Reading, Part 4: On the Reading of the Character 并). Kuntengo to Kunten Shiryō 14 (1960): 83–94.
  • Tsukishima, Hiroshi. Heian Jidai no Kanbun Kundokugo ni Tsuite no Kenkyū (A Study of Kanbun-Kundoku Vocabulary in the Heian Period). Tokyo: Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai, 1963.
  • Komatsu, Hideo (こまつひでお). “Gochō Shiryō to shite no Ruiju Myōgishō: Zushoryōbon oyobi Kanchi-in-bon ni Mieru Wakun no Shōten no Kinshitsusei no Kentō” (The Ruiju Myōgishō as a Source for Pitch-Accent History: An Examination of the Homogeneity of Tone Marks on the Wakun Found in the Zushoryō and Kanchi-in Manuscripts). Tōkyō Kyōiku Daigaku Bungakubu Kiyō 47 (1964): 1–37.
  • Kadosaki, Masahiko. “Kanbun Kundokushi-jō no Ichi Mondai (Go): ‘Yoku’ no Kun ni Tsuite” (A Problem in the History of Kanbun-Kundoku Reading, Part 5: On the Reading of the Character 欲). Kuntengo to Kunten Shiryō 25 (1963): 111–120.
  • Kobayashi, Yoshinori. Heian Kamakura Jidai ni Okeru Kanseki Kundoku no Kokugoshiteki Kenkyū (A Study in the History of the Japanese Language on the Kundoku Reading of Chinese Texts in the Heian and Kamakura Periods). Tokyo: Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai, 1967.
  • Akinaga, Kazue. Review of Wamyō Ruijushō Koshahon Shōtenbon Honbun oyobi Sakuin (Text and Index of Old Tone-Marked Manuscripts of the Wamyō Ruijushō), by Mabuchi Kazuo, and Ruiju Myōgishō Yonshu Shōten-tsuki Wakun Shūsei (A Collection of Wakun with Four Types of Tone Marks in the Ruiju Myōgishō), edited by Mochizuki Ikuko. Kokugogaku 99 (1974): 81–85.
  • Mochizuki, Ikuko. “Shōten no Seichō Nintei no Hōhō: Ruiju Myōgishō no Dai Ni-rui Dōshi Shūshikei Gomatsu no Kana no Shōten o Chūshin ni” (Methods for Determining Tonal Values from Tone Marks: Focusing on the Tone Marks on the Final Kana of Second-Conjugation Verb Shūshikei Forms in the Ruiju Myōgishō). Kokugogaku 102 (1975): 31–49.
  • Inukai, Takashi. “Kodaigo no ‘Daku’ Haku ni Tsuite: Kanchi-in-bon Ruiju Myōgishō no Fukushōten-tsuki Wakun o Chūshin ni” (On the Voiced Mora in Old Japanese: Focusing on Wakun with Compound Tone Marks in the Kanchi-in Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō). Gakushūin Joshi Tanki Daigaku Kiyō 15 (1977): 1–30.
  • Inukai, Morimasa. “Ruiju Myōgishō: Kanchi-in bon to Renjō-in bon to no ‘Zatsu’ Bu no Hikaku Taishō (Jō)” (A Comparative Study of the ‘Miscellaneous’ Section of the Ruiju Myōgishō: Kanchi-in and Renjō-in Manuscripts, Part 1). Sugiyama Jogakuen Daigaku Kenkyū Ronshū 8, no. 2 (1977).
  • Inukai, Morimasa. “Ruiju Myōgishō: Kanchi-in bon to Renjō-in bon to no ‘Zatsu’ Bu no Hikaku Taishō (Chū)” (A Comparative Study of the ‘Miscellaneous’ Section of the Ruiju Myōgishō: Kanchi-in and Renjō-in Manuscripts, Part 2). Sugiyama Jogakuen Daigaku Kenkyū Ronshū 9, no. 2 (1978).
  • Matsumoto, Mitsutaka. “Shoryōbu-zō Ishinpō, Seikidō Bunko-zō Ishinpō ni okeru Fukun no Kiban: Wamyō Ruijushō, Honzō Wamyō to no Hikaku o Tōshite” (The Basis of Kun-Reading Annotations in the Shoryōbu and Seikidō Bunko Manuscripts of the Ishinpō: Through Comparison with the Wamyō Ruijushō and Honzō Wamyō). Kamakura Jidaigo Kenkyū 3 (1980): 133–154.
  • Inukai, Morimasa. “Ruiju Myōgishō: Kanchi-in bon to Renjō-in bon to no ‘Zatsu’ Bu no Hikaku Taishō (Ge)” (A Comparative Study of the ‘Miscellaneous’ Section of the Ruiju Myōgishō: Kanchi-in and Renjō-in Manuscripts, Part 3). Sugiyama Jogakuen Daigaku Kenkyū Ronshū 13, no. 2 (1981).
  • Takase, Shōichi. “Wakun yori Mita ‘Shinsen Jikyō’ to ‘Kanchi-in bon Ruiju Myōgishō’ ni Tsuite” (On the Shinsen Jikyō and the Kanchi-in Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō, Viewed from Their Wakun). Gobun Kenkyū, nos. 44/45 (1978): 103–114.
  • Kazama, Rikizō. “Ruiju Myōgishō no Monzen Yomi” (Readings from the Wén Xuǎn in the Ruiju Myōgishō). Kōnan Daigaku Kiyō: Bungakuhen 36 (1979).
  • Yamamoto, Hideto. “Kaihenbon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Monzen Kun no Zōho ni Tsuite” (On the Augmentation of Monzen Readings in the Revised Ruiju Myōgishō). Kokubungaku Kō 105 (1985).
  • Yamamoto, Hideto. “Renjō-in bon Ruiju Myōgishō no Seiritsu ni Tsuite: Ishitsu na Honbun o Yūsuru Bubun no Sonzai to sono Sojō” (On the Formation of the Renjō-in Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: The Existence and Origin of Sections with Heterogeneous Text). Kamakura Jidaigo Kenkyū 8 (1985): 134–159.
  • Yamamoto, Hideto. “Kaihenbon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Shinsen Jikyō o Shutten to suru Wakun no Zōho ni Tsuite: Jukujikun o Taishō to shite” (On the Augmentation of Wakun Sourced from the Shinsen Jikyō in the Revised Ruiju Myōgishō: Focusing on Compound-Character Readings). Kokugogaku 144 (1986).
  • Yamamoto, Hideto. “Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Wamyō Ruijushō o Shutten to suru Wakun no Sesshuhō ni Tsuite: Gensenbon Hensan, Kaihen, Kaihengo no Zōho, no San Dankai ni Chakumoku shite” (On the Method of Adopting Wakun Sourced from the Wamyō Ruijushō in the Ruiju Myōgishō: Focusing on Three Stages — Original Compilation, Revision, and Post-Revision Augmentation). Hiroshima Daigaku Bungakubu Kiyō 47 (1988).
  • Yamamoto, Shingo. “Keiō Gijuku Toshokan-zō Shōryōshū Ryakuchū Shuttenkō: Ruiju Myōgishō kara no In’yō o Chūshin to shite” (A Study of the Sources of the Shōryōshū Ryakuchū Held by the Keio University Library: Focusing on Citations from the Ruiju Myōgishō). Kamakura Jidaigo Kenkyū 14 (1991): 32–55.
  • Soeda, Kenjirō. “Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō ni Mirareru ‘Chōfuku Sasei’ no Igi ni Tsuite” (On the Significance of “Duplicate Differential Tone Marks” Found in the Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō). Yamaguchi Kokubun 15 (1992): 86–99.
  • Kusakawa, Noboru. “Ruiju Myōgishō Wakun Shōkō” (A Short Study of the Wakun in the Ruiju Myōgishō). In Nihongo Ronkyū 2: Koten Nihongo to Jisho (Japanese Language Studies 2: Classical Japanese and Dictionaries), 23–49. Osaka: Izumi Shoin, 1992.
  • Kōno, Toshihiro. “Kanchi-in bon Ruiju Myōgishō Shoin no Honzō Wamyō ni Tsuite” (On the Honzō Wamyō Cited in the Kanchi-in Manuscript of the Ruiju Myōgishō). In Nihongo Ronkyū 2: Koten Nihongo to Jisho, 69–85. Osaka: Izumi Shoin, 1992.
  • Ishii, Yukio. “‘Shichijō Jisho’ Kō” (A Study of the “Shichijō Jisho”). Gogaku Bungaku 31 (1993): 15–22.
  • Kuranaka, Susumu. Sokuten Moji no Kenkyū (A Study of the Zetian Characters). Tokyo: Kanrin Shobō, 1995.
  • Ishii, Yukio. “‘Kenenshō’ Shoin Jisho Itsubun Ruijū” (A Collection of Lost Dictionary Fragments Cited in the “Kenenshō”). Gogaku Bungaku 37 (1999): 11–18.
  • Oh, Miyoung. “Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Rongo no Wakun ni Tsuite” (On the Wakun Readings from the Analects in the Zushoryō Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō). Kokugo Kokubun Kenkyū 116 (2000): 35–48.
  • Yamamoto, Hideto. “Kaihenbon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho sareta Wakun no Iroha Jiruishō to no Kankei ni Tsuite” (On the Relationship between Wakun Added in the Revised Ruiju Myōgishō and the Iroha Jiruishō). Kōchidai Kokubun 31 (2000): 1–20.
  • Yamamoto, Hideto. “Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Shiki no Kun no Sairoku ni Tsuite: Zushoryōbon ni okeru Fusairoku no Kun o Chūshin ni” (On the Recording of Shǐjì Readings in the Ruiju Myōgishō: Focusing on Readings Not Recorded in the Zushoryōbon). Kamakura Jidaigo Kenkyū 23 (Tokyo: Musashino Shoin, 2000): 466–491.
  • Yamamoto, Hideto. “Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Shutten Muhyōji no Wakun ni Tsuite: Kokusho no Kun to no Kakawari o Chūshin ni” (On Wakun with No Source Indication in the Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō: Focusing on the Relationship with Readings in Japanese Texts). Kōchidai Kokubun 32 (2001): 48–72.
  • Tsukishima, Hiroshi. “Seikadō Bunko Zōbon Mōshi Teisen Koten Kaisetsu” (Commentary on the Old Glosses of the Seikadō Bunko Manuscript of the Maoshi Zhengjian). In Mōshi Teisen (San) (Koten Kenkyūkai Sōsho, Kanseki no Bu 3). Tokyo: Kyūko Shoin, 2004.
  • Takahashi, Hiroyuki. “Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō Shoin ‘Gatsuryō, Getsu’ no Wakun ni Tsuite” (On the Wakun for “Gatsuryō, Getsu” Cited in the Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō). Kokubungaku Ronkō 40 (2004): 72–80.
  • Takahashi, Hiroyuki. “Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō Shoin ‘Ritsu’ o Megutte: Fu, ‘Inryōshō’” (On “Ritsu” Cited in the Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō, with an Appendix on the Inryōshō). Kokubungaku Ronkō 41 (2005): 58–69.
  • Takahashi, Hiroyuki. “Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō Shoin Kobun Kōkyō no Wakun ni Tsuite” (On the Wakun for the Gǔwén Xiàojīng Cited in the Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō). Kokubungaku Ronkō 42 (2006): 14–21.
  • Takahashi, Hiroyuki. “Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō Shoin Ganshi Kakun no Wakun ni Tsuite” (On the Wakun for the Yánshì Jiāxùn Cited in the Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō). Kokubungaku Ronkō 43 (2007): 15–26.
  • Yamamoto, Hideto. “Kaihenbon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru ‘Azumabito un’ ni Tsuite (Jō): Shinsen Jikyō to no Kankei o Chūshin ni” (On “Azumabito un” in the Revised Ruiju Myōgishō, Part 1: Focusing on the Relationship with the Shinsen Jikyō). In Kokugo Goishi no Kenkyū 30, 145–157. Osaka: Izumi Shoin, 2011.
  • Kobayashi, Kyōji. “Kaihenbon-kei Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru ‘Ka’ Kōmoku no Chūki Hairetsu ni Tsuite” (On the Arrangement of Annotations in the ‘過’ Entry of the Revised-Lineage Ruiju Myōgishō). Kuntengo to Kunten Shiryō 127 (2011): 120–131.
  • Kondō, Yasuhiro. “Heian Jidai no Kanbun Kundokugo no Bunrui” (A Classification of Kanbun-Kundoku Vocabulary of the Heian Period). Kuntengo to Kunten Shiryō 127 (2011): 90–103.
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  • Katō, Kōji. “Kanchi-in bon Ruiju Myōgishō no Jinji Wakun Ware to Sōji Wakun Yawaragu / Nengoro oyobi Sōji no Seiritsu ni Tsuite” (On the Wakun Ware for the Character 人, the Wakun Yawaragu / Nengoro for the Character 僧, and the Formation of the Character 僧 in the Kanchi-in Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō). Tsuru Bunka Daigaku Kenkyū Kiyō 85 (2017): 45–58.
  • Satō, Eisaku. “Katakana no Jitai kara Mita Shōten to sono Ichi: Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō, Kanchi-in-bon Ruiju Myōgishō no Shosha-sha to Shōten” (Tone Marks and Their Placement as Seen from Katakana Character Forms: The Scribes and Tone Marks of the Zushoryōbon and Kanchi-in-bon Ruiju Myōgishō). Ronshū 13 (2017): 23–40.
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Identifying Wakun #

On rare occasions, an Original Gloss that is not in fact a Japanese Native Reading (wakun) may mistakenly be treated as one. A few concrete examples are given below to illustrate this. The passage in question in each example is shown in bold.

An Example Where Distinguishing a Wakun from a Kana Phonetic Gloss Is at Issue #

  • kazama_location: K01032610, hanzi_entry: ⿰亻㔾, original_entry: ⿰亻已, definition: 氾音　ハム

Kusakawa’s Wakun Collection records this as “ハム” (hamu), treating it as a wakun, but it is in fact a Kana gloss (仮名音注), not a wakun.

The Headword is written in the original manuscript as “⿰亻已”, with “已” as the phonetic component, while the Homophone gloss reads “氾音” (“pronounced as 氾”). This character “氾” has two readings — “符咸切” (Level tone, Xián rhyme, xiaoyun 凡) and “孚梵切” (Departing tone, Fàn rhyme, xiaoyun 汎) — and it is best understood that the Kana gloss “ハム” was recorded to indicate this pronunciation. If so, the Headword “⿰亻已” would be expected to read “⿰亻㔾” instead. In Unicode, “⿰亻㔾” corresponds to U+2CF62 (𬽢), and “⿰亻巳” to U+3436 (㐶), but “⿰亻已” cannot be confirmed as an assigned character.

An Example Where a Scribal Error in a Chinese Character Was Mistaken for Kana #

  • kazama_location: K06011410, hanzi_entry: 砂, definition: 音沙「サ」　イサコ(HH_)　丆(一云)スナコ(LLL)　俗沙

The passage in question is the part reading “丆(一云)スナコ(LLL)”.

Masamune’s Index and Kusakawa’s Wakun Collection record this as “マスナコ” (masunako), whereas Mochizuki’s Wakun Collection records it as “スナコ” (sunako). Which of these is correct?

For “砂”, the Zushoryō manuscript gives “順云和ー以佐古（HHV）一云須奈古（LLV）”, citing “順” — that is, Minamoto no Shitagō’s Wamyō Ruijushō (和名抄) — as its source. The Senchūbon Wamyōshō (箋注本和名抄, an annotated recension of the Wamyō Ruijushō) gives, in its “Heaven and Earth” section (天地部) of Fascicle 1: “砂　和名以佐古又須奈古”. This being so, the “丆” found in the original text of the Kanchi-in manuscript is not the katakana “マ” (ma), but rather a scribal error for “一云” (“alternatively called”). It is therefore appropriate to record this as “スナコ” (sunako), as Mochizuki’s Wakun Collection does.

Let us take up one more example.

  • kazama_location: K02135520, hanzi_entry: 腊, definition: キタヒ-フ(HHH-_)　久也　キタヒモフ(HHH__) ［音］昔　小牜全干也

Masamune’s Index and Kusakawa’s Wakun Collection interpret the phrase “小牜全干也” at the end of the Original Gloss as a wakun. However, it is better understood as a Semantic Gloss in Chinese (漢文義注).

First, regarding “小牜”: Masamune’s Index reads it as “小（し）牜” (with 小 as a variant form of ホ), suggesting that the character シ may have been dropped; Kusakawa’s Wakun Collection enters it as “ホモノ” (possibly “ホシモノ”), transliterating it as “小牜”, with “ヒモノ？” noted as a remark. In addition, Kusakawa’s Wakun Index marks “小牜” as sic (mama) under the entry “ヒモノ”.

Next, regarding “全干也”: Masamune’s Index and Kusakawa’s Wakun Collection record this as “人モ” and “テヽ” respectively.

However, “小牜全干也” is not a wakun, but a Semantic Gloss in Chinese. The commentary on the phrase “凡田獸之脯腊” in the “Offices of Heaven” (天官) section of the Rites of Zhou (周礼) gives: “腊、小物全乾者” (according to the Kangxi Zidian). The Kanchi-in manuscript’s “小牜” poses no problem when read as the Chinese characters “小物”. As for the “全干也” portion, if read as Chinese characters, there is a difference between “干” and “乾”. “干” is given in the Guangyun as “古寒切” (Level tone, Hán rhyme); it is homophonous with “乾”, and the two characters are used interchangeably.

Now, does the Kanchi-in manuscript’s “小牜全干也” refer directly to the Rites of Zhou, or is it an indirect reference? If indirect, one would expect it to derive from Xuanying’s Yiqiejing yinyi or from Gu Yewang’s original Yupian. Since the surviving fragments and quoted remnants of the original Yupian do not preserve this entry, we instead consult the Tenrei Banshō Meigi and the Song edition of the Yupian; searching these two works for “腊” yields the following. For reference, the text of the Guangyun is also given.

  • 腊 胥亦反。久也、小物全干也。（万象名義、2帖66裏）
  • 腊 思亦切。乾肉也。《周禮》：腊人掌乾肉。（宋本玉篇、上71表）
  • 腊 乾肉見經典（広韻・入声昔韻、昔：思積切）

Comparing these, the Kanchi-in manuscript’s “小牜全干也” agrees with the Tenrei Banshō Meigi’s “小物全干也”, and it can be concluded with confidence that it derives from the Tenrei Banshō Meigi. However, it remains unclear whether this citation of the Tenrei Banshō Meigi was already present in the original compilation of the Myōgishō, or whether it was added as an augmentation in the revised compilation.