日本語
Overview of the Ruiju Myōgishō

Overview of the Ruiju Myōgishō #

Ikeda Shōju

Date published: April 20, 2025

This section provides an overview of the Ruiju Myōgishō, detailing its extant manuscripts, presumed compiler and provenance, scholarly significance, structural organization, textual sources, available facsimiles and indices, as well as pertinent secondary literature.

Manuscript Traditions #

The extant manuscripts of the Ruiju Myōgishō fall into two distinct textual lineages: the original compilation and its later redactions.
The sole surviving exemplar of the original compilation is held by the Archives and Mausolea Department of the Imperial Household Agency, and this lineage is often referred to as the gensenbon (original compilation) tradition. The manuscript in question was introduced in 1950 as the Zushoryō manuscript (Library of Ancient Books manuscript).
The redacted lineage, alternatively termed the kaihenbon-kei (redacted version lineage) or Kōekibon tradition, includes several known manuscripts: the Kanchiin manuscript, the Kōzan-ji manuscript, the Renshō-in manuscript, the Sainen-ji manuscript, and the Hōbodaiin manuscript. Of these, only the Kanchiin manuscript survives in complete form; the remaining examples are fragmentary or incomplete. The redacted tradition has been the subject of sustained scholarly inquiry since the Edo period, beginning with the work of Ban Nobutomo and others.

In Japanese scholarship, it is common practice to refer to individual manuscripts by appending -bon (meaning “copy” or “text”) to the name of the holding temple or institution—for example, Kanchiin-bon. In this paper, however, these will be referred to using the English term “manuscript” for clarity and consistency.

In contemporary scholarship, the work is frequently referred to in abbreviated form as the Myōgishō.

Compiler #

The compiler of the original compilation is presumed to have been a Buddhist scholar-monk affiliated with the Hossō school, or possibly trained in both the Hossō and Shingon traditions, though their identity remains unknown. The compiler of the redacted version is likewise unidentified but is generally believed to have been a Shingon scholar-monk. A long-standing theory attributing the work to Sugawara no Koreyoshi is now considered erroneous.

Date of Compilation #

The sole extant exemplar of the original compilation—the Zushoryō manuscript—is a fragment of a single fascicle categorized under the Dharma section (hōbu), referring to one of the traditional Buddhist categories corresponding to the Three Jewels (Buddha, Dharma, Sangha).

Although it bears no colophon or scribal note, it is generally dated to the Insei (cloistered rule) period. The text makes reference to the monk Eichō Sōzu (Eichō, Bishop), who is known to have received the title Sōzu in 1081 (Eihō 1). Based on this and other circumstantial evidence, the work is believed to have been compiled by around the year 1000.

As for the redacted version, a manuscript from Kōzan-ji contains a marginal note in the hand of the Kōyasan monk Genshō, dated to 1178 (Jishō 2). Since this note corresponds to content found in the redacted Ruiju Myōgishō, it is inferred that the revised compilation had been completed by that time.

Significance #

The Ruiju Myōgishō lists Chinese characters, presented either as individual graphs or as compounds. These entries are typically accompanied by various forms of explanatory notes, including:

  • fanqie spellings (反切) to indicate pronunciation,
  • homophone glosses (類音注),
  • Sino-Japanese readings (字音) transcribed in katakana (片仮名),
  • Semantic Glosses in Chinese (漢文による意義注) explaining character meanings in literary Chinese,
  • Japanese Native Readings (wakun, 和訓) transcribed in katakana, and
  • Notes on Character Form (字体注) that specify orthographic variants such as “standard” (正) and “popular/variant” (俗) forms.

Furthermore, tone marks (shōten, 声点) are sometimes added to both the Sino-Japanese and native readings. Consequently, the Myōgishō is an invaluable resource for research in the history of the Japanese lexicon, the historical phonology of Sino-Japanese character readings, and the history of Chinese character forms as used in Japan.

The work lists Chinese characters both as individual graphs and compounds, accompanied by fanqie spellings, homophone glosses, katakana transcriptions for Sino-Japanese readings, literary Chinese definitions, native Japanese readings (wakun) in katakana, and annotations indicating orthographic variants such as “standard” and “popular” forms. Phonetic marks (shōten) are sometimes added to both the Sino-Japanese and native readings.

Radical Structure #

According to the Kanchiin manuscript, the Ruiju Myōgishō is organized into 120 sections grouped under the three divisions of the Buddhist Triratna: Buddha (仏), Dharma (法), and Sangha (僧). Each division contains 40 sections based on semantic radicals. The table below presents the full list of radicals used, shown with their associated head characters (部首字).

Buddha Division (仏)
(Upper Volume)
1 人 2 彳 3 辵 4 匚 5 走 6 麦 7 一 8 丨 9 十 10 身
(Middle Volume)
11 耳 12 女 13 舌 14 口 15 目 16 鼻 17 見 18 日 19 田 20 肉
(Lower Volume, Part 1)
21 舟 22 骨 23 角 24 貝 25 頁 26 彡 27 髟 28 手 29 木 30 犬
(Lower Volume, Part 2)
31 牛 32 片 33 豸 34 乙 35 儿 36 𠬞 37 八 38 大 39 火 40 黒

Dharma Division (法)
(Upper Volume)
41 水 42 冫 43 言 44 足 45 立 46 豆 47 卜 48 面 49 歯 50 山
(Middle Volume)
51 石 52 玉 53 色 54 邑 55 阜 56 土 57 心 58 巾 59 糸 60 衣
(Lower Volume)
61 示 62 禾 63 米 64 丶 65 宀 66 勹 67 穴 68 雨 69 門 70 口 71 尸 72 虍 73 广 74 鹿 75 疒 76 歹 77 子 78 斗 79 倝 80 寸

Sangha Division (僧)
(Upper Volume)
81 艸 82 竹 83 力 84 刀 85 羽 86 毛 87 食 88 金
(Middle Volume)
89 亼 90 爪 91 网 92 皿 93 瓦 94 缶 95 弓 96 㫃 97 矢 98 斤 99 矛 100 戈 101 欠 102 又 103 攴 104 殳 105 皮 106 革 107 韋 108 車 109 羊 110 馬 111 鳥 112 隹
(Lower Volume)
113 魚 114 虫 115 鼠 116 亀 117 鬼 118 風 119 酉 120 雑

Note on Organization:
The radical system employed in the Ruiju Myōgishō follows the structure of the Yùpiān (『玉篇』) compiled by Liang dynasty scholar Gu Yewang, which comprises 542 sections. Radicals of similar form were grouped together (e.g., integrating 彳 and 行 under a single radical), while those with fewer entries were consolidated into the final miscellaneous section (雑).
Additionally, the ordering of radicals reflects both semantic grouping (e.g., parts of the body, food, clothing, animals, plants, etc.) and visual similarity of character shapes. For example, the 女 radical follows 耳, and 言 follows 冫, likely because the cursive or semi-cursive forms of 耳 and 言 resemble 女 and 冫, respectively.

Number of Entries #

The term entry refers to a unit consisting of both the headword and its accompanying definitions (original glosses). To provide a general sense of the scope of the Ruiju Myōgishō, we may look to the Kanchiin manuscript for a representative overview. The following table presents a summary of the number of entries, the number of individual headwords, and the number of compound expressions found in each of the ten volumes, from the Buddha (Upper) through the Sangha (Lower) sections.

Table: Number of Entries, Characters, and Compound Expressions by Volume (Kanchiin Manuscript)
The following table summarizes the distribution of character entries across the ten volumes of the Ruiju Myōgishō as preserved in the Kanchiin manuscript. The work is structured into three main sections—Buddha (仏), Dharma (法), and Sangha (僧)—each comprising multiple volumes. The entries are classified by the number of characters per expression (from single-character to seven or more), along with totals for entries, characters, and compound expressions.

Volume 1-char 2-char 3-char 4-char 5-char 6-char 7+ char Total Entries Total Characters Compound Expressions
Buddha (Upper) 1,650 469 53 13 3 2 2 2,192 2,840 329
Buddha (Middle) 3,123 573 55 20 9 1 5 3,786 4,620 325
Buddha (Lower 1) 3,027 679 100 13 5 2 2 3,828 4,790 417
Buddha (Lower 2) 1,287 264 28 9 1 1 2 1,592 1,963 140
Dharma (Upper) 3,054 437 61 8 4 3 5 3,572 4,226 213
Dharma (Middle) 3,623 622 61 15 7 3 4 4,335 5,195 310
Dharma (Lower) 2,721 760 134 10 5 2 7 3,639 4,774 416
Sangha (Upper) 2,226 1,100 185 24 6 4 1 3,546 5,139 635
Sangha (Middle) 1,974 939 133 23 4 3 2 3,078 4,397 386
Sangha (Lower) 1,996 829 167 30 6 4 7 3,039 4,396 409
Total 24,681 6,672 977 165 50 25 37 32,607 42,340 3,580

Sources #

Original Compilation

The Zushoryō manuscript of the original compilation, though fragmentary and classified under the Hōbu-jō (Department of Dharma: Upper) section, is distinguished by its faithful citation of a wide range of texts, including bibliographic and authorial attributions. It is widely utilized as a vital source in the study of the history of the Japanese language.

The manuscript contains 3,657 entries in total, of which 951 are single-character headwords; the remainder are compound expressions. The majority of these compounds are derived from Buddhist glossaries such as Xuanying’s Yiqiejing yinyi, Shingō’s Daihannyakyō Onkun, Chūzan’s Myōhōrengekyō Shakumon, and works attributed to Cien.

Beyond Buddhist phonetic commentaries, many entries are drawn from classical lexica such as Gu Yewang’s Yupian, Kūkai’s Tenrei Banshō Meigi, Sugawara no Koreyoshi’s Tōkyū Setsuin, and Minamoto no Shitagō’s Wamyō Ruijushō.

The citations from these sources follow a fixed order of precedence: in semantic glosses in literary Chinese, sacred Buddhist texts (naiten) are prioritized over secular Chinese or native Japanese texts (geten). The Japanese native readings (wakun) are based on annotated editions (kuntenbon) of secular literature. Tone marks (shōten) are applied with precision, offering valuable information about vocabulary and pitch accent in the Heian period. These tone marks also appear in the phonetic glosses of Chinese characters—such as fanqie, homophonic glosses, and katakana transcriptions—making the manuscript an important resource for the study of Sino-Japanese phonology.

Revised Compilation

The Kanchiin manuscript of the revised compilation—also known as the Kaihenbon or Kōekibon—contains approximately 32,000 headword entries and about 34,000 Japanese native readings (wakun). Of these, roughly 10,000 wakun are annotated with tone marks (shōten). The names of authors and titles of cited sources found in the original compilation have been removed, and many of the semantic glosses in literary Chinese have likewise been omitted. Japanese native readings (wakun) originally recorded in man’yōgana have been replaced with katakana.

There is a substantial expansion of single-character entries. For items carried over from the original compilation, Japanese native readings have been added and reorganized; for new entries introduced in the revised version, a large number of Japanese native readings have been supplemented as well, resulting in a significantly enlarged corpus of Japanese native readings.

Notes on Character Form (字体注), which provide details on variant characters (itaiji) and distinctions such as “standard” (正, sei) and “popular/variant” (俗, zoku) forms, along with Phonetic Glosses (字音注) indicating Go-on (呉音; also known as Wa-on, reflecting 5th-6th century pronunciations from Southern China, possibly transmitted via the Korean Peninsula) and Kan-on (漢音; also known as Sei-on, reflecting 7th-9th century pronunciations from Northern China, notably the Chang’an dialect) for the characters, together constitute a rich repository of materials for the study of Japanese linguistic history.

Within each radical category, headword entries are often arranged either by visual similarity or according to the character ordering found in the Yupian—referred to here as the Gyokuhen jijun-gun (“Yupian character order groups”).

Although only the Hōbu-jō (Upper Dharma) section of the original compilation survives, comparison between the original and revised versions reveals the nature of additions and editorial changes. For sections no longer extant in the original compilation, it is possible to identify underlying textual sources by cross-referencing with the principal reference works that were extensively cited in the original. Of particular importance are frequently referenced texts such as Yiqiejing yinyi, Tenrei Banshō Meigi, and Wamyō Ruijushō, all of which remain extant in complete form. These sources should be consistently consulted when interpreting the revised compilation.

Facsimile #

Original Compilation #

Zushoryō Manuscript
Formerly held in the collection of the Shimizudani Kimiyasu family and currently preserved by the Archives and Mausolea Department of the Imperial Household Agency (Kunai-chō Shoryōbu), this manuscript was first published in 1950 as a facsimile edition titled Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō, retaining its original Japanese-style binding. The edition includes an introductory essay by Hashimoto Fumio and is available for viewing via the National Diet Library Digital Collections.

A Western-style bound edition was reissued in 1969, followed by a revised edition in 1976 featuring a complete set of indices—for sources, kana glosses, and Chinese characters—accompanied by commentary by Tsukishima Hiroshi, a kana index by Miyazawa Toshimasa, and a kanji index by Sakai Kenji.

The extant portion of the manuscript corresponds to the Hōbu jōge (“Upper” and “Lower” Dharma sections), specifically the upper volume (jōsatsu), which covers 20 radicals out of a total of 40 in this section. It is generally believed that the full compilation originally consisted of two volumes each for the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha sections. The character “五” (“5”) inscribed in the upper right corner of the cover suggests that this volume was originally the fifth in the full six-volume set.

On March 26, 2025, a color version of the manuscript was made publicly available via the Shoryōbu Catalog and Image Database of the Archives and Mausolea Department.

Revised Compilation #

Kanchiin Manuscript
Originally housed at Tō-ji’s Kanchiin, this complete manuscript—consisting of one volume of section headings and ten volumes of main text—is now preserved at the Tenri Central Library. According to colophons, it was copied by Jinen in 1241 (Ninji 2) and later recopied by Kenkei in 1251 (Kenchō 3).
Several facsimile and reproduction editions exist. The commonly cited versions are listed below, followed by brief descriptions:

  • Kichōtosho Edition (1937): A collotype facsimile edition in its original format, published by the Kichōtosho Fukuseikai, with commentary by Yamada Yoshio. Available via the National Diet Library Digital Collections.

  • Koten Zenshū Edition (1938–1940): Reproduced using letterpress printing by the Nihon Koten Zenshū Kankōkai, including kana and kanji indexes edited by Masamune Atsuo.

  • Kazama Edition (1954–1955): Republished by Kazama Shobō with commentary by Nakada Norio. Volume 1 contains the main text; Volume 2 contains kanji and kana indexes. Letterpress reproduction. This is a convenient reference edition as the index locations correspond to its pagination.

  • Old Tenri Edition (1976): Reproduced with corrected foliation in Vols. 32–34 of the Tenri Toshokan Zenpon Sōsho: Washo no Bu, with commentary by Yoshida Kanehiko. Published by Tenri University Press and distributed by Yagi Shoten. Locations are cited using the original volume and folio numbers. Printed in monochrome using offset printing.

  • New Tenri Edition (2018): Published in Vols. 9–11 of the Shin Tenri Toshokan Zenpon Sōsho, based on high-resolution color photography taken after restoration, with commentary by Ōtsuki Makoto. Published by Tenri University Press and distributed by Yagi Shoten.
    This edition includes references not only to the original volume and folio numbers, but also to the Old Tenri and Kazama Edition page numbers, enhancing its compatibility with the Kazama indexes.

Renjōin Manuscript
Previously held at Kōfuku-ji’s Renjōin, this fragmentary manuscript (3 volumes) is now in the possession of Chinkoku Shukoku Shrine (Kuwana City, Mie Prefecture). Copied in the late Kamakura to early Muromachi period, it is also referred to as the Chinkoku Shukoku Shrine Manuscript.
It comprises: Volume 1 (corresponding to Butsu-jō and Butsu-chū in the Kanchiin Manuscript); Volume 2 (covering up to mid-Hō-jō); and Volume 3 (corresponding to Sō). A facsimile edition was issued in 1965 by the Mikkan Kokubun Shiryō Kankōkai under the title Sanpō Ruiju Myōgishō, with commentary by Ozaki Satoakira. A clearer reproduction was issued in 1986 by Benseisha.

Kōsan-ji Manuscript
Formerly held at Kōsan-ji and now preserved at the Tenri Central Library via the Hōrei Collection. This manuscript was copied during the Insei period (late Heian).
It consists of two fragmentary volumes corresponding to Butsu-jō and Butsu-chū of the Kanchiin Manuscript. The first folio lists section headings under the title Sanbō Ruiji-shū Kan-jō, and the main text begins with Butsuhō Ruiji-shū Kan-jō I / Section 1: Jin. This corresponds to the entry in the Kōsan-ji Shōgyō Mokuroku (Kenchō Inventory), which records Sanpō Ruiji-shū as a six-volume work. In 2016, a high-resolution color facsimile was published as Vol. 8 of the Shin Tenri Toshokan Zenpon Sōsho, with commentary by Yamamoto Hideto.

Sainen-ji Manuscript
A one-volume fragment transcribed in 1767 (Meiwa 4), based on the Eissatsu Manuscript, preserving portions of Butsu-jō and Butsu-chū. Now held by both the Tenri Central Library and Kansai University. Although no printed facsimile exists, images of the Kansai University copy are publicly available.
A version preserved by the Archives and Mausolea Department of the Imperial Household Agency is also accessible and more closely resembles the Tenri copy than the Kansai University one. While the Tenri copy has often been used in prior scholarship, the lack of a published facsimile once required researchers to visit the library to obtain photographic reproductions. The Shoryōbu copy now allows readers to access the same textual content as the Tenri Sainen-ji Manuscript.

Hōbodaiin Manuscript
A one-volume fragment covering the “Ship” (舟) through “Dog” (犬) sections of Butsu-ge in the Kanchiin Manuscript, likely copied in the late Kamakura period.
A facsimile edition was published in 2002 by Taishō University Press, with commentary by Kurashima Tokihisa. A wakun index compiled by the same scholar was published in 2006 by the same press.

Indexes #

Kanji Indexes

  • Masamune Atsuo (ed.), Ruiju Myōgishō, Vol. 2: Kanji Index & Kana Index, Kazama Shobō, 1955.

  • Nagashima Toyotarō (ed.), Composite Index to Old Character Dictionaries (2 vols.), Nihon Koten Zenshū Kankōkai, 1958–1959.

Wakun (Japanese Reading) Indexes

  • Masamune Atsuo (ed.), Ruiju Myōgishō: Kana Index, Nihon Koten Zenshū Kankōkai, 1939–1940. Available via the National Diet Library Digital Collections.

  • Masamune Atsuo (ed.), Ruiju Myōgishō, Vol. 2: Kanji Index & Kana Index, Kazama Shobō, 1955.

  • Mochizuki Ikuko (ed.), Ruiju Myōgishō: Compilation of Japanese Readings with Four Types of Accent Marks (Kasama Index Series, No. 44), Kasama Shoin, 1974. Available via the National Institute of Japanese Literature Academic Repository.

  • Kusakawa Noboru (ed.), Collected Japanese Readings from Five Editions of Ruiju Myōgishō, Kyūko Shoin, 2000.

  • Kurashima Tokihisa (ed.), Wakun Index to the Hōbodaiin Edition of Ruiju Myōgishō, Taishō University Press, 2006.

References #

While there are numerous references, the following list focuses on works related to bibliographical studies and source research, presented in chronological order of publication.

Note that the first and last page numbers of each source have been omitted. Additionally, due to the large number of articles by KOBAYASHI Kyoji regarding “Additions and Omissions in the Sainenji Manuscript of the Ruiju Myōgishō,” only the earliest and most recent ones are included here.

This list is currently under development, and therefore may not yet include some works that should be listed.

  1. Fukuda, Yoshikazu (1971)

    • Fukuda, Yoshikazu. “Kojisho ni okeru Bushu Hairetsu no Kijun (Jō): Shinsen Jikyō to Ruiju Myōgishō” (Standards for Radical Arrangement in Old Dictionaries (Part 1): Shinsen Jikyō and Ruiju Myōgishō). Nagasaki Daigaku Kyōyōbu Kiyō: Jinbun Kagaku Hen 12 (1971): 1–9.

  2. Fukuda, Yoshikazu (1972)

    • Fukuda, Yoshikazu. “Kojisho ni okeru Bushu Hairetsu no Kijun (Ge): Shinsen Jikyō to Ruiju Myōgishō” (Standards for Radical Arrangement in Old Dictionaries (Part 2): Shinsen Jikyō and Ruiju Myōgishō). Nagasaki Daigaku Kyōyōbu Kiyō: Jinbun Kagaku Hen 13 (1972): 1–10.

  3. Funaki, Shuntarō (2007)

    • Funaki, Shuntarō. “Hakushi Bunshū to Iroha Jiruishō” (Báishì Wénjí and Iroha Jiruishō). Jinbun Kagaku Kenkyū 121 (2007): 1–39.

  4. Funaki, Shuntarō (2009)

    • Funaki, Shuntarō. “Sankanbon Iroha Jiruishō ni Miidasareru Tō-jidai no Hakuwago no Jukugo: Hakushi Bunshū kara no Sore o Chūshin ni shite” (Tang Dynasty Colloquial Compounds Found in the Three-Volume Iroha Jiruishō: Focusing on Those from the Báishì Wénjí). Jinbun Kagaku Kenkyū 125 (2009): 101–140.

  5. Hagihara, Yoshio (2019)

    • Hagihara, Yoshio. “Kanchiin bon Ruiju Myōgishō Wakun Goi kara Kaimamita Kotoba no Unkō” (Glimpses of Language Use Seen from the Wakun Vocabulary of the Kanchiin Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō). Komazawa Nihon Bunka 13 (2019): 1–69.

  6. Hara, Takashi, and Yamamoto Hideto (1983)

    • Hara, Takashi, and Yamamoto Hideto. “Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Gen’ō Issaikyō Ongi In’yō no Taido ni tsuite” (On the Approach to Citing Xuán Yìng Yīqièjīng Yīnyì in the Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō). Kamakura Jidaigo Kenkyū, no. 6 (1983): 124–179.

  7. Ikeda, Shōju (1991)

    • Ikeda, Shōju. “Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō to Gen’ō Ongi to no Kankei ni tsuite” (On the Relationship Between the Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō and the Xuán Yìng Yīnyì [Xuan Ying’s Phonetic and Semantic Glosses]). Kokugo Kokubun Kenkyū 88 (1991): 15–32.

  8. Ikeda, Shōju (1993)

    • Ikeda, Shōju. “Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō no Tanji Jishoteki Seikaku” (The Single-Character Dictionary-like Nature of the Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō). Kokugo Kokubun Kenkyū 94 (1993): 1–14.

  9. Ikeda, Shōju (1995)

    • Ikeda, Shōju. “Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō to Ruionketsu” (The Zushoryōbon Ruiju Myōgishō and the Lèi Yīn Jué). Kuntengo to Kunten Shiryō 96 (1995): 26–37.

  10. Ikeda, Shōju et al. (2020)

    • Ikeda, Shōju, Liú Guānwěi, Jung Munho, Zhāng Xīnfāng, and Lǐ Yuán. “Kanchiin bon Ruiju Myōgishō Zenbun Tekisuto Dētabēsu: Sono Kōchiku Hōhō to Keishutsu Kōmokusu-tō no Keiryō” (A Full-Text Database of the Kanchiin Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: Its Construction Method and Quantitative Measurement of Headwords, etc.). Kuntengo to Kunten Shiryō 144 (2020): 105–129.

  11. Ikeda, Shōju et al. (2022)

    • Ikeda, Shōju, Lǐ Yuán, Liú Guānwěi, and Jung Munho. “GlyphWiki ni yoru Kanchiin bon Ruiju Myōgishō Jikei no Saigen to sono Kaizen” (Reproduction and Improvement of Character Forms in the Kanchiin Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō Using GlyphWiki). Jinmonkon 2022 Ronbunshū (JINMONCOM 2022 Proceedings) (2022): 103–110.

  12. Imanishi, Hiroko (1976)

    • Imanishi, Hiroko. “Ruiju Myōgishō: Wakun no Hairetsu” (Arrangement of Wakun in the Ruiju Myōgishō). Kuntengo to Kunten Shiryō, no. 57 (1976): 61–86.

  13. Inukai, Morimasa (1977)

    • Inukai, Morimasa. “Ruiju Myōgishō: Kanchiin bon to Renjōin-bon to no ‘Zatsu’ Bu no Hikaku Taishō (Jō)” (A Comparative Study of the ‘Miscellaneous’ Section of the Ruiju Myōgishō: Kanchiin and Renjōin Manuscripts (Part 1)). Sugiyama Jogakuen Daigaku Kenkyū Ronshū (Journal of Sugiyama Jogakuen University) 8, no. 2 (1977): 109–128.

  14. Inukai, Morimasa (1978)

    • Inukai, Morimasa. “Ruiju Myōgishō: Kanchiin bon to Renjōin-bon to no ‘Zatsu’ Bu no Hikaku Taishō (Chū)” (A Comparative Study of the ‘Miscellaneous’ Section of the Ruiju Myōgishō: Kanchiin and Renjōin Manuscripts (Part 2)). Sugiyama Jogakuen Daigaku Kenkyū Ronshū (Journal of Sugiyama Jogakuen University) 9, no. 2 (1978): 69–85.

  15. Inukai, Morimasa (1981)

    • Inukai, Morimasa. “Ruiju Myōgishō: Kanchiin bon to Renjōin-bon to no ‘Zatsu’ Bu no Hikaku Taishō (Ge)” (A Comparative Study of the ‘Miscellaneous’ Section of the Ruiju Myōgishō: Kanchiin and Renjōin Manuscripts (Part 3)). Sugiyama Jogakuen Daigaku Kenkyū Ronshū (Journal of Sugiyama Jogakuen University) 13, no. 2 (1981): 41–50.

  16. Ishii, Yukio (1993)

    • Ishii, Yukio. “‘Shichijō Jisho’ kō” (A Study of the “Shichijō Jisho”). Gogaku Bungaku (Hokkaidō Kyōiku Daigaku Gogaku Bungakkai), no. 31 (1993): 15–22.

  17. Katō, Kōji (2017)

    • Katō, Kōji. “Kanchiin bon Ruiju Myōgishō no Jinji Wakun Ware to Sōji Wakun Yawaragu / Nengoro oyobi Sōji no Seiritsu ni tsuite” (On the Wakun Ware for the Character 人, the Wakun Yawaragu / Nengoro for the Character 僧, and the Formation of the Character 僧 in the Kanchiin Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō). Tsuru Bunka Daigaku Kenkyū Kiyō, no. 85 (2017): 45–58.

  18. Kazama, Rikizō (1979)

    • Kazama, Rikizō. “Ruiju Myōgishō no Monzen Yomi” (Readings from the Wén Xuǎn in the Ruiju Myōgishō). Kōnan Daigaku Kiyō: Bungakuhen (The Journal of Konan University: Faculty of Letters), no. 36 (1979): 8–35.

  19. Kindaichi, Haruhiko (1944)

    • Kindaichi, Haruhiko. “Ruiju Myōgishō Wakun ni Hodokosaretaru Seifu ni Tsuite” (On the Tone Marks Applied to Wakun in the Ruiju Myōgishō). In Hashimoto Hakushi Kanreki Kinen Kokugogaku Ronshū (Collection of Linguistics Papers Commemorating Dr. Hashimoto’s 60th Birthday), 183–218. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1944.

  20. Kobayashi, Kyōji (1992)

    • Kobayashi, Kyōji. “Ruiju Myōgishō Shohon no Kanachū no Kisai Ichi ni tsuite” (On the Positions of Kana Annotations in Various Manuscripts of the Ruiju Myōgishō). Kuntengo to Kunten Shiryō, no. 89 (1992): 1–12.

  21. Kobayashi, Kyōji (2000)

    • Kobayashi, Kyōji. “Sainnenji bon Ruiju Myōgishō ni okeru Zōho to Datsurō: Kanchiin bon kara Mita Kōmoku no Umu ni tsuite” (Additions and Omissions in the Sainnenji Manuscript Ruiju Myōgishō: Regarding the Presence or Absence of Entries Compared to the Kanchiin Manuscript). Tsurumi Daigaku Bukkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo Kiyō 5 (2000): 47–66.

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